In cases of severe overexposure, it can even cause respiratory depression, severe central nervous system issues, and liver damage. In worst-case scenarios, overexposure can even put you in a coma. With almost 30 years in the cleanroom industry, SOS Cleanroom has the experience and knowledge you need to get the best in cleanroom supplies and advice. When Was It Discovered?
There are different methods, using different compound combinations, that will produce isopropyl alcohol: Indirect hydration of propylene — this was the only method used to make IPA up until the early s. It works by combining sulfuric acid and propylene, turning it into monoisopropyl. This mixture is then combined with water to hydrolyze or break down the mix, turning it into IPA. Catalytic hydrogenation of acetone — when hydrogen gas is mixed with acetone an organic liquid , and then a little bit of metal is thrown in as a catalyst, the mixture reacts under hydrogenation and turns into IPA.
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Inorganica Chimica Acta , 1 , Strengths of Neutral Organic Acids. Synergism between coenzyme and alcohol binding to liver alcohol dehydrogenase. European Journal of Biochemistry , 2 , Richardson , P. Vacuum , 33 , Isopropyl alcohol mixes very well with water; rubbing alcohol sold at drugstores, for example, is a mixture of 2-propanol and water. The acidity of a compound is often measured in terms of its pKa, in which lower numbers denote higher acidity. Isopropyl alcohol has a pKa of It is an extremely weak acid -- weaker than water, which has a pKa of Isopropyl alcohol is flammable both in liquid and vapor form.
Exposure to oxidizing agents like chromic acid will convert isopropyl alcohol into acetone, while exposure to heat and concentrated sulfuric acid can dehydrate isopropyl alcohol to form propene.
Strong bases can tear the hydrogen ion off isopropyl alcohol to form isopropoxides, which are strong bases and may be useful in some organic syntheses. Reacting isopropyl alcohol with phosphorus tribromide will replace the alcohol group with a bromine atom. Its second main use is as a solvent: to extract or purify numerous natural products, such as oils, gums, shellacs, waxes, kelp, and pectin; in the manufacture of fish-protein concentrate; as a solvent for synthetic resins, e.
The third principal use is in the manufacture of other chemicals, such as isopropyl acetate, isopropylamine, diisopropylamine, herbicidal ester, isopropyl xanthate, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, isopropyl oleate, aluminum isopropoxide, and isopropyl ether Wickson, Isopropyl alcohol toxicity is of interest to the Navy, because of its presence as an atmospheric contaminant in nuclear submarines.
Table 6 summarizes some data on toxic doses of isopropyl alcohol in animals and man. The documented toxicity of isopropyl alcohol in man is confined for the most part to accidental ingestion not inhalation , with a few cases reported in association with rectal and topical application.
Other persons have survived after ingesting similar amounts Chapin, ; Freireich et al. The lethal dose of isopropyl alcohol is estimated as — ml Ashkar and Miller, and ml McBay, A disparity was noted in the amount of solution consumed and the sequelae; for example, ml produced blindness and death in one case, but ml seemed to cause no disability in two other men who claimed to have drunk this high quantity Scrimgeour, The rates of ingestion were not specified.
Ballard et al. Their illness was attributed to their exposure to carbon tetrachloride and isopropyl alcohol, inasmuch as 13 of the 15 had been within 25 ft of these chemicals when they were spilled. In two factories manufacturing isopropyl alcohol by the strong-acid process involving the formation of isopropyl oils as byproducts , an excess risk of cancers of the paranasal sinuses was found Eckhardt, ; Hueper, ; Weil et al.
An excess risk of laryngeal cancer may also have been present. However, diisopropyl sulfate, an intermediate substance in the preparation of isopropyl alcohol suspected of being an animal carcinogen, is formed in the strong-acid process. Zakhari et al. Ten volunteers exposed for 3—5 min to isopropyl alcohol vapor at concentrations of , , and ppm reported mild to moderate irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat at the two higher concentrations Nelson et al.
Daily oral intake of low doses of isopropyl alcohol 2. They also experienced moderate to severe headache lasting one to three h. The odor threshold for isopropyl alcohol ranges from 40 ppm May, to ppm Scherberger et al.
Isopropyl alcohol is not a cutaneous irritant Nixon et al. The intravenous lethal dose in cats is 2. Isopropyl alcohol vapor at maximal saturation in air i. The LC 50 administered for min to mice is The oral and intraperitoneal LD 50 s are approximately equal in mice and rats.
LC 50 s measured in rats exposed to isopropyl alcohol for 8 h were 19, ppm for females and 22, ppm for males. The signs of intoxication after application of isopropyl alcohol are similar to those with ethyl alcohol, although it is 1.
Death is usually preceded by dizziness, narcosis, deep coma, and shock Lehman et al. Augmented hepatotoxicity of various chlorinated hydrocarbons was noted in mice administered isopropyl alcohol at 2.
Lehman and Chase demonstrated the doses of isopropyl alcohol that produced anesthesia and death in rabbits and dogs:. The respiratory system may be paralyzed by isopropyl alcohol; this is usually the cause of death after isopropyl alcohol ingestion Zakhari et al. A concentration of isopropyl alcohol in air of Single exposure to atmospheric isopropyl alcohol results in an increase in pulmonary resistance and a decrease in pulmonary compliance.
These effects are more pronounced if more than six daily exposures are administered Zakhari et al. In anesthetized dogs, isopropyl alcohol inhalation caused various effects: depression of myocardial contractility at 1. Histopathologic examination of rats exposed at 21, ppm for 8 h showed typical lesions of chemical pneumonitis and pulmonary edema accompanied by foamy vacuolization of liver cells and severe focal cytoplasmic degradation Laham et al.
Baikov et al. They also showed a decrease in the blood nucleic acid content, the blood oxidase and catalase activities, and the amount of coproporphyrin in blood. Animals inhaling isopropyl alcohol at 2.
None of these effects were observed in animals inhaling isopropyl alcohol at 0. On the basis of this continuous exposure study, the authors suggested that 0. Some of the physiological responses reported in this study, such as the increase in abnormal fluorescent leukocytes, are obscure and are therefore difficult to interpret.
Furthermore, they suffer from a lack of experimental details. Dogs given daily doses of 1. However, the animals were not observed over a normal lifetime and were killed at 8—12 mo of age Weil et al. The authors reported no increases in the incidence of lung tumors in mice given subcutaneous injections of 0.
However, in mice sacrificed at 40 wk, effects of lifetime exposure were not assessed. No skin tumors were detected NIOSH, in a group of 30 Rockland mice that received skin applications of isopropyl alcohol twice a week for a year.
Because of methodologic limitations in the preceding studies, it is difficult to draw a conclusion regarding the carcinogenicity of isopropyl alcohol IARC, Lehman et al. Solvent controls of isopropyl alcohol in an assay of the mutagenicity of Fusarium moniliforme were negative when tested in the S. After oral intake of 0. Isopropyl alcohol is absorbed from all segments of the gastrointestinal tract, most rapidly in the small intestine and least rapidly in the stomach. Wax et al.
Intravenous injections of ethyl alcohol 0. Before , the toxicity of isopropyl alcohol was compared with that of methyl alcohol, in which the long and cumulative action was attributed to low rates of metabolism and excretion. But most data now point to a fairly rapid disposal of isopropyl alcohol, which is eliminated from the bloodstream of dogs within 24 h after administration.
The elimination of isopropyl alcohol in rats is decreased by simultaneous ingestion of ethyl alcohol or 1-propanol, but not methyl alcohol or tertiary butyl alcohol. These results suggest that isopropyl alcohol is oxidized by alcohol dehydrogenase Abshagen and Rietbrock, Determination of blood isopropyl alcohol and its metabolite, acetone, was carried out during and after a single 4-h exposure concentration, —8, ppm in Sprague-Dawley rats.
The amounts of acetone and isopropyl alcohol were directly related to the air concentrations of alcohol inhaled. Increase in exposure time to 8 h considerably increased the amount of blood acetone that could be determined even 20 h after exposure.
These findings indicate a slow conversion of this alcohol to acetone, which can be used as a biochemical indicator of exposure, but it is a nonspecific indication and may be produced by other compounds Laham et al.
Exposure of male Wistar rats to isopropyl alcohol vapor at This study confirmed the production of acetone from isopropyl alcohol. The novel aspect of this study is the more rapid metabolism of acetone induced by ethyl alcohol.
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