Effect of sanitation on soil-transmitted helminth infection: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS medicine, 9 1 , e Global numbers of infection and disease burden of soil transmitted helminth infections in Parasites Vectors 7, 37 PLOS Medicine 4 9 : e Effect of water, sanitation, and hygiene on the prevention of trachoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS medicine, 11 2 , e Safer water, better health : costs, benefits and sustainability of interventions to protect and promote health.
World Health Organization. Demography, 42 1 , Global cost-benefit analysis of water supply and sanitation interventions. Journal of water and health, 5 4 , — Healthy Water Sites.
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Context strongly influences the nature of the water resources actions that must be taken to meet the Goals. The actions needed in a given case depend on the extent to which availability of water resources is adequate to meet the requirement for water resources to meet the health, poverty, gender, and environmental sustainability objectives of the MDGs. The UN Millennium Project Task Force on Water and Sanitation identified 10 key actions as essential to meeting the Millennium Development Goals: Governments and other stakeholders must move the sanitation crisis to the top of the agenda.
Countries must ensure that policies and institutions for water supply and sanitation service delivery, as well as for water resources mangement and development, respond equally to the different roles, needs, and priorities of women and men. Governments and donor agencies must simultaneously pursue investment and reforms.
Efforts to reach the water and sanitation target must focus on sustainable service delivery, rather than construction of facilities alone. Governments and donor agencies must empower local authorities and communities with the authority, resources, and professional capacity required to manage water supply and sanitation service delivery.
Governments and utilities must ensure that users who can pay do pay in order to fund the maintenance and expansion of services - but they must also ensure that the needs of poor households are met. Within the context of national poverty reduction strategies based on the Millennium Development Goals, countries must elaborate coherent water resources development and management plans that will support the achievement of the Goals.
Governments and their civil society and private sector partners must support a wide range of water and sanitation technologies and service levels that are technically, socially, environmentally, and financially appropriate.
Institutional, financial, and technological innovation must be promoted in strategic areas. The United Nations system organizations and their member states must ensure that the UN system and its international partners provide strong and effective support for the achievement of the water supply and sanitation target and for water resources management and development.
Goal number 7, target 10 is the following one: "Halve, by , the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe water and basic sanitation. What are the benefits of safe water supply and sanitation? Its politics and governance therefore has a much stronger influence than average income. Although income is an important determinant, the range of levels of access which occur across countries of similar prosperity further support the suggestion that there are other important governance and infrastructural factors which contribute.
In addition to the large inequalities in water access between countries, there are can also be large differences within country. In the charts we have plotted the share of the urban versus rural population with access to improved water sources and safely managed drinking water, respectively.
Here we have also shown a line of parity; is a country lies along this line then access in rural and urban areas is equal. Since nearly all points lie above this line, with very few exceptions — notably Palestine — access to improved water sources is greater in urban areas relative to rural populations. This may be partly attributed to an income effect; urbanization is a trend strongly related to economic growth. The infrastructural challenges of developing municipal water networks in rural areas is also likely to play an important role in lower access levels relative to urbanised populations.
While information on access to an improved water source is widely used, it is extremely subjective, and such terms as safe, improved, adequate, and reasonable may have different meanings in different countries despite official WHO definitions. Even in high-income countries treated water may not always be safe to drink. Access to an improved water source is equated with connection to a supply system; it does not take into account variations in the quality and cost broadly defined of the service.
Explore all the metrics — clean drinking water, sanitation and handwashing access — in one place. Summary Unsafe water is responsible for 1. Unsafe water is a leading risk factor for death. Unsafe water sources are responsible for 1. Click to open interactive version. The global distribution of deaths from unsafe water. Death rates are much higher in low-income countries.
Access to safe drinking water. Access to safe drinking water by country. Access to improved water sources.
What determines levels of clean water access? Explore more of our work on Clean Water and Sanitation.
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